For access to many of the historical materials from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, especially those related to the Gillings School of Global Public Health, visit: https://go.unc.edu/sjae ("UNC historical materials").

REFERENCES (with live URLs)

1. Myrdal G. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers; 1944.

2. Diamond J. Guns, Germs and Steel. New York, NY: W. W. Norton; 1997.

3. Raghavan M, Steinrucken M, Harris K, et al. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans. Science. 2015;349(6250):aab3884.

4. van Sertima I. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America.New York, NY: Random House; 1976

5. Franklin JH, Moss A. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf; 2000.

6. Guillaumin C. The idea of race and its elevation to autonomous scientific and legal status. In: UNESCO, ed. Sociological Theories: Race and Colonialism. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; 1980:37-68.

7. Baptist EE. The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism.New York, NY: Basic Books; 2016.

8. Lander K, Pritchett J. When to care: the economic rationale of slavery health care provision. Soc Sci Hist. 2009;33(2):155-182.

9. Washington BT. Atlanta Compromise speech, 1895. The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Available at: https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/jimcrow/historical_docs/hist_doc_altantacomp1.html. Accessed August 4, 2018.

10. Byrd WM, Clayton LA. An American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge; 2002.

11. Byrd WM, Clayton LA. Black Americans and the health system from World War II through the civil rights era, 1945-1965. In: An American Health Dilemma: Race, Medicine, and Health Care in the United States 1900-2000. Vol 2. New York, NY: Routledge; 2002:195-290.

12. Quinn S. The National Negro Health Movement: lessons for eliminating health disparities today. Minority Health Today. 2001;2(3):42-43.

13. Dowd Hall J. The long Civil Rights Movement and the political uses of the past. J Am Hist. 2005;91(4):1233-1263.

14. Community Health Partnership. Community health centers and the Civil Rights Movement. August 13, 2015. Available at: http://www.chpscc.org/access-to-all/community-health-centers-and-the-civil-rights-movement. Accessed July 22, 2018.

15. Ward TJ. Out in the Rural: A Mississippi Health Center and Its War on Poverty. New York, NY: Oxford; 2017.

16. Sobelson M. Participation, Power, and Place: Roots of the Community Health Center Movement [dissertation]. Medford, MA: Tufts University; 2009.

17. Whittington EL. From the Campus to the Globe: Race, Internationalism and Student Activism in the Postwar South, 1945-1962 [dissertation]. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin; 2012.

18. No authors listed. Howard University Mississippi Project. J Natl Med Assoc. 1970;62(6): 466-467.

19. Our history: A brief history of 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East. https://www.1199seiu.org/history. Accessed December 28, 2018.

20. Morabia A. Unveiling the Black Panther Party legacy to public health. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(10):1732-1733.

21. Gamble VN, Stone D. US policy on health inequities: the interplay of politics and research. J Health Polit Policy Law. 2006;31(1):93-126.

22. Smith DB. The Power to Heal: Civil Rights, Medicare, and the Struggle to Transform America's Health Care System. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press; 2015.

23. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. New York, NY: Bantam Books; 1968.

24. George A. The 1968 Kerner Commission got it right, but nobody listened. Smithsonian Magazine. 2018. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/1968-kerner-commission-got-it-right-nobody-listened-180968318. Accessed July 20, 2018.

25. Cornely P. The health status of the Negro today and in the future. Am J Public Health. 1968;58(4):647-654.

26. APHA: summaries of selected papers from the 96th annual meeting of the American Public Health Association and related organizations: Detroit, Mich., November 11-15, 1968. Public Health Reports (1896-1970). 1969;84(3):189-287.

27. Kupchick G. Environmental health in the ghetto. Am J Public Health. 1969;59(2):220-225.

28. Jenkins B. Editorial: On the occasion of a meeting long planned. Society for the Analysis of African American Public Health Issues newsletter. (1991, undated). Available at http://www.epidemiolog.net/apha-ford-et-al/SAAPHIfirstNewsletter-1991.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2019.

29. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, 1968. Vol. II-mortality-Part A. Rockville MD: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service; 1972. HSM 72-1101.

30. US Department of Health and Human Services, Heckler M. Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Black and Minority Health.Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1985-1986.

31. Clark LT. The Association of Black Cardiologists. Historical moments from the first 30 years. 2004. Available at: http://abcardio.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/abc-healers-2004.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019.

32. Gillum RF. Coronary heart disease in black populations I: mortality and morbidity. Am Heart J. 1982;104(4 pt 1):839-851.

33. Biennial Symposium on Minorities, the Medically Underserved, and Health Equity. 25th Anniversary of the Biennial Symposium on Minorities, The Medically Underserved, and Health Equity. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/mdconferencefinder/25th-anniversary-of-the-biennial-symposium-on-minorities-the-medically-underserved-and-health-equity. Accessed July 30, 2018.

34. Jones LA. Origins of the National Black Leadership Initiative on Cancer and the Biennial Symposium on Minorities, the Medically Underserved, and Cancer. September 16, 2017. Available at: http://www.epidemiolog.net/apha-ford-et-al/NBLICandBiennialSymposium-Origins.htm. Accessed January 19, 2019.

35. Kathrine R. Everett Law Library. Law school first-the African Americans who integrated UNC-Chapel Hill. 2018. Available at: http://integration.law.unc.edu. Accessed July 30, 2018.

36. Barnes M, Coggins J, Cox A, et al. African Americans and integration: first black medical students. The Carolina Story: A Virtual Museum of University History. Available at: https://museum.unc.edu/exhibits/show/integration/oscar-diggs-and-james-n--slade. Accessed July 29, 2018.

37. Barnes M, Coggins J, Cox A, et al. Leroy Frasier, John Lewis Brandon, and Ralph Frasier, all from Durham, North Carolina, on the steps of south building after completing court-ordered registration in September 1955. The Carolina Story: A Virtual Museum of University History. Available at: https://museum.unc.edu/exhibits/show/integration/leroy-frasier--john-lewis-bran. Accessed July 29, 2018.

38. Broadhurst C. "There can be no business as usual": The University of North Carolina and the student strike of May 1970. Southern Cultures. 2015;21(2):84-101.

39. Korstad RR. Dreaming of a Time: The School of Public Health: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1939-1989. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina School of Public Health; 1990. [in the Internet Archive]

40. Chapman J. Black Freedom and the University of North Carolina, 1793-1960 [dissertation]. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina; 2006. [in the Carolina Digital Repository]

41. Lynton R. Memorandum to Professor Earle Wallace. Subject: Question 1 in memo to the faculty. October 29, 1968. Located in: Box 1.32: Health Affairs: School of Public Health; Subgroup 1: Administrative Files; Series 2: Office of the Dean; Subgroup 8: Student Affairs; Minority Relations Committee, 1968, in the Records of the School of Public Health #40120, University Archives, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1968 (hereinafter, Box 1:32, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Relations Committee, 1968, UNC Archives).

42. Ingram JC. Memorandum to deans, department chairmen, and directors of graduate studies. Subject: Admission of culturally disadvantaged graduate students. March 24, 1969. Located in: Box 1:32, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Relations Committee, 1969, UNC Archives.

43. Okun DA. Recruitment of Negro students to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. September 9, 1968 draft. Located in: Box 1:32, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Relations Committee, 1968, UNC Archives.

44. Beers B, Harper A, Judkins B, et al. A report of the recruitment trip to 16 Southern Negro colleges. Submitted to Myron E. Wegman, Dean. May 1968. Located in: Box 1:32, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Relations Committee, 1968, UNC Archives.Q7

45. Lynton R. Memorandum to Dean [William Fred] Mayes. Subject: Recommendations for appointment of two task groups, their composition, mandates and immediate procedural requirements. January 15, 1969. Located in: Box 1:32, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Relations Committee, 1969, UNC Archives.

46. Lynton R. Memorandum to Carol Simons. Subject: Grant #CG9965: First quarterly report, for period June 1 to August 31, 1969. September 24, 1969. Located in: Box 1:32, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Relations Committee, 1969, UNC Archives.

47. Hudson R Jr, Page MA, Haynes TB, et al. Memorandum to William F. Mayes. Subject: Concerns of Black students in attendance at The School of Public Health. (undated). In Black Student Caucus. Progress report of Minority Program, School of Public Health, November [1971], pp. 23-25. Located in: Box 1:32, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Advisory Committee, 1971-1972, UNC Archives.

48. Phillips HT. Minutes of the meeting between Black students and members of the SPH faculty [on June 23, 1971]. June 28, 1971. Attached to memorandum from Dean William Mayes to Minority Students Group, Roamless Hudson, Chairman, and others. June 30, 1971. Subject: Progress in SPH minority activities. Located in: Box 1:32, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Relations Committee, 1971, UNC Archives.

49. Isaacs W. Memorandum to Black Student Caucus. Subject: Minutes of meeting, October 27, 1971. October 29, 1971. In Black Student Caucus. Progress report of Minority Program, School of Public Health, November [1971], pp. 34-35. Located in: Box 1:32, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Advisory Committee, 1971-1972, UNC Archives.

50. The Minority Student Group. Memorandum to Dr. N. Ferebee Taylor. Subject: Minority concerns and frustrations. March 22, 1973. Located in: Box 1:31, SPH, subgroup 1; series 2, subgroup 8; Minority Relations Committee, 1973, UNC Archives.

51. Domestic student enrollment in the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina for 1974-75. Available at: http://www.epidemiolog.net/apha-ford-et-al/1974-75-SPHminorityStudentCounts.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019.

52. Winkler J, Schoenbach VJ. The UNC Department of Epidemiology: Our First 40 Years, 1936-1976. The UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health. 2018. Available at: http://go.unc.edu/EPIDhistory. Accessed January 22, 2019.

53. Black Student Caucus and the Student Union Board, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Perspectives on the health of black populations. 1977 conference program. Available at: http://www.epidemiolog.net/mhp/sph/minconf/1977/1977 minorityHealthConfProgram.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019.

54. Minority Student Caucus and the Student Union Board, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Health policy impacts: on & by minority peoples. 1978 conference program. Available at: http://www.epidemiolog.net/mhp/sph/minconf/1978/1978minorityHealthConfProgram.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2019.

55. Sabir Q. Black satellite network strengthens colleges. Black Enterprise. February 1991: 20.

56. Linder FE, Grove RD. Vital statistics rates in the United States 1900-1940. Washington, DC: US Public Health Service, National Office of Vital Statistics; 1947.

57. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and health statistics, Series 24, Compilations of data on natality, mortality, marriage, divorce, and induced terminations of pregnancy. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1941-1997.

58. Jenkins B. Letter of invitation for founding membership in the Society for the Analysis of African American Public Health Issues. April 15, 1991. Available at: http://www.epidemiolog.net/apha-ford-et-al/SAAPHIfoundingInvitation-19910415.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2019.

59. Hasson RE, Rowley DL, Blackmore Prince C, Jones C, Jenkins W. The Society for the Analysis of African-American Public Health Issues (SAAPHI). Am J Public Health. 2014;104(11): 2072-2075.

60. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. 1st ed. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2002.

61. Matanoski G, Nasca P, Swanson G, et al. Statement of principles. Epidemiology and minority populations. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5(6):505-508.

62. Mason JO, McGinnis MJ. "Healthy People 2000": an overview of the national health promotion and disease prevention objectives. Public Health Rep. 1990;105(5):441-446.

63. National Center for Health Statistics. Healthy People 2010: final review. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2012:20-21.

64. Schoenbach VJ, Reynolds GH, Kumanyika SK. Racial and ethnic distribution of faculty, students, and fellows in US epidemiology degree programs. Ann Epidemiol. 1992;4(4):259-265.

65. Morssink CB, Kumanyika S, Tell GS, Schoenbach VJ. Recruiting minorities into the profession of epidemiology: surveying the applicants' mail. Ann Epidemiol. 1996;6(1):4-11.

66. St George DM, Schoenbach VJ, Reynolds GH, Nwangwu J, Adams-Campbell L. Recruitment of minority students to US epidemiology degree programs. Ann Epidemiol. 1997; 7(4):304-310.

67. American Public Health Association. Research and intervention on racism as a fundamental cause of ethnic disparities in health. 2001. Available at: https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2014/07/25/10/29/research-and-intervention-on-racism-as-a-fundamental-cause-of-ethnic-disparities-in-health. Accessed July 30, 2018.

68. American Public Health Association. Racism and health. Available at: https://www.apha.org/topics-and-issues/health-equity/racism-and-health. Accessed July 12, 2018.

69. Krieger N. Shades of difference: theoretical underpinnings of the medical controversy on black/white differences in the United States, 1830-1870. Int J Health Serv. 1987;17(2):259-278.

70. Krieger N, Rowley DL, Herman AA, Avery B, Phillips MT. Racism, sexism, and social class: implications for studies of health, disease, and well-being. Am J Prev Med. 1993;9(6 suppl):82-122.

71. Krieger N, Fee E. Measuring social inequalities in health in the United States: a historical review, 1900-1950. Int J Health Serv. 1996;26(3):391-418.

72. Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int J Health Serv. 1999;29(2):295-352.

73. Jackson JS, Brown TN, Williams DR, Torres M, Sellers SL, Brown K. Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study. Ethn Dis. 1996;6:132-147.

74. Williams DR. Racism and health: a research agenda. Ethn Dis. 1996;6(1-2):1-6.

75. Williams DR. Race and health: basic questions, emerging directions. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7(5):322-333.

76. Clark R, Anderson NB, Clark VR, Williams DR. Racism as a stressor for African Americans: a biopsychosocial model. Am Psychol. 1999;54(10):805-816.

77. Jones CP, LaVeist TA, Lillie-Blanton M. "Race" in the epidemiologic literature: an examination of the American Journal of Epidemiology, 1921-1990. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134(10): 1079-1084.

78. Jones CP. Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a gardener's tale. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(8):1212-1215.

79. LaVeist TA. Why we should continue to study race . . . but do a better job: an essay on race, racism and health. Ethn Dis. 1996;6(1-2):21-29.

80. Schoendorf KC, Hogue CJ, Kleinman JC, Rowley D. Mortality among infants of black as compared with white college-educated parents. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(23): 1522-1526.

81. McGrady GA, Sung JF, Rowley DL, Hogue CJ. Preterm delivery and low birthweight among first-born infants of black and white college graduates. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;136(3): 266-276.

82. Rich-Edwards J, Krieger N, Majzoub J, Zierler S, Lieberman E, Gillman M. Maternal experiences of racism and violence as predictors of preterm birth: rationale and study design. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15(suppl 2):124-135.

83. LaVeist TA. On the study of race, racism, and health: a shift from description to explanation. Int J Health Serv. 2000;30(1):217-219.

84. Krieger N. Does racism harm health? Did child abuse exist before 1962? On explicit questions, critical science, and current controversies: an ecosocial perspective. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(9 suppl):S20-S25.

85. Williams DR, Costa MV, Odunlami AO, Mohammed SA. Moving upstream: how interventions that address the social determinants of health can improve health and reduce disparities. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2008;14(suppl):S8-S17.

86. Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):20-47.

87. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Baciu A, Negussie Y, Geller A, Weinstein JN. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2017.

88. Carter-Pokras O, Baquet C. What is a "health disparity"? Public Health Rep. 2002;117(5): 426-434.

89. Braveman P. Health disparities and health equity: concepts and measurement. Annu Rev Public Health. 2006;27:167-194.

90. Fullilove MT. Comment: abandoning "race" as a variable in public health research-an idea whose time has come. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(9):1297-1298.

91. Bialik K. Key facts about race and marriage, 50 years after Loving v. Virginia. Fact Tank: News in the Numbers. Available at: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/12/key-facts-about-race-and-marriage-50-years-after-loving-v-virginia. Accessed July 15, 2018.

92. Sandefur G, Martin M, Eggerling-Boeck J, Mannon S, Meier A. An overview of racial and ethnic demographic trends. In: National Research Council, ed. American Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences. Vol I. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2001.

93. Galea S. Dean's note: game theory and the greater good. 2017. Available at: http://www.bu.edu/sph/2017/12/10/game-theory-and-the-greater-good. Accessed August 15, 2018.

94. Ricard M. Altruism: The Power of Compassion to Change Yourself and the World. New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company; 2015.

95. Rosenthal NE. Transcendence: Healing and Transformation Through Transcendental Meditation. New York, NY: Tarcher/Penguin; 2011.

96. Gritz JR. Mantras before math class. The Atlantic. November 10, 2015. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/11/mantras-before-math-class/412618. Accessed January 24, 2019.

97. Wendt S, Hipps J, Abrams A, Grant J, Valosek L, Nidich S. Practicing Transcendental Meditation in high schools: relationship to well-being and academic achievement among students. Contemp Sch Psychol. 2015;19(4):312-319.

98. Quiet Time program report. Center for Wellness & Achievement in Education & SFUSD Research, Planning, & Accountability Department. 2015. Available at https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/files/quiet-time-white-paper.pdf. Accessed December 28, 2018.

99. Valosek L, Link J, Mills P, Konrad A, Rainforth M, Nidich S. Effect of meditation on emotional intelligence and perceived stress in the workplace: a randomized controlled study. Perm J. 2018;22:17-172.

100. Murthy V. The Surgeon General's prescription of happiness. TEDMED 2016. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fm388TS1WOM. Accessed January 19, 2019.

101. University of Chicago, Urban Labs. Reducing toxic stress to help youth succeed. Available at: https://urbanlabs.uchicago.edu/projects/quiet-time. Accessed January 19, 2019.

102.Orme-Johnson DW, Barnes VA. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on trait anxiety: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(5):330-341.

103. Nidich S, Mills PJ, Rainforth M, et al. Non-trauma-focused meditation versus exposure therapy in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(12):975-986.

104. Schneider RH, Grim CE RM, Kotchen T, et al. Stress reduction in the secondary prevention of cardioascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5(6):750-758.

105. Orme-Johnson DW. Societal effects. In: Truth about TM. Available at: http://www.truthabouttm.org/truth/SocietalEffects/Rationale-Research. Accessed January 15, 2019.

8/16,23/2019, Victor Schoenbach