Paige Tolbert, Professor Emerita
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
PhD, Epidemiology, UNC-CH, 1989 (advisor: Carl Shy)
Carl indeed played a major role in the requirement for catalytic converters in cars. His work on the health effects of nitrogen dioxide in the CHESS studies was important in the decision to require catalytic converters to control nitrogen oxide emissions, as well as carbon monoxide and volatile organics. More important was his work identifying the health effects of lead in gasoline. Note that catalytic converters were not required to control lead emissions. However, lead was removed from gasoline because it contaminated the catalytic converter. This secondary effect of removing lead from gasoline was one of the great public health triumphs of the 1980s.
As described in the article by Bridbord and Hanses, Carl was instrumental in identifying the harmful effect of lead and advocating for its removal from gasoline:
"This proposed regulation for lead in gasoline was based upon the document 'Health Hazards of Lead' principally authored by Carl Shy, a senior physician scientist at the U.S. EPA in North Carolina (U.S. EPA 1972a, 1972b). Because this proposal went against conventional wisdom, Hanson had difficulty finding scientists willing to publicly support a health-based regulation. Shy was one of the first physicians to come forward and publicly support regulation of lead in gasoline even though at this time there were few published studies to back him up."
Douglas W. Dockery, ScD, ISEE-Fellow
Loeb Professor of Environmental Epidemiology, Emeritus
Department of Environmental Health, Harvard Chan School of Public Health
About Carl Shy: https://go.unc.edu/CarlShy ![]()